Understanding Type 2 Diabetes: Causes, Treatments, and Dietary Advice

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by high blood glucose levels, mainly due to a combination of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin production by the pancreas. This form of diabetes accounts for approximately 90-95% of all diabetes cases and is commonly associated with risk factors such as being overweight, being physically inactive, and having an unhealthy diet. Insulin resistance means that the body's cells, especially muscle and fat cells, cannot effectively use glucose as an energy source, forcing the pancreas to produce more insulin to maintain stable blood sugar levels. When the body can no longer compensate for this resistance, blood glucose levels increase, leading to a condition called hyperglycemia. If left untreated, hyperglycemia can cause a number of long-term complications, including damage to blood vessels, which can result in cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, retinopathy, and neuropathy. In addition, hyperinsulinemia, or high levels of insulin in the blood, can further contribute to weight gain and high blood pressure, increasing the risk of developing heart disease. Managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is not limited to just reducing blood sugar levels, but also includes improving lifestyle through a balanced diet and regular physical activity. However, in more advanced cases or where lifestyle changes alone are not enough, the use of medications may be necessary. These may include metformin, which helps improve insulin sensitivity, or other classes of drugs that stimulate insulin production or improve its action. Stress management and adequate sleep are also crucial components of managing the disease, as stress and lack of sleep are known to negatively affect blood glucose levels. Education and self-management play a key role in keeping diabetes under control and preventing long-term complications, contributing to a better quality of life for those affected.

Causes and Treatment

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a complex disease whose main causal factors are divided between genetic predispositions and lifestyle factors. On the one hand, genetics play a significant role; having a family history of diabetes increases the individual risk of developing the disease. This genetic predisposition, however, often interacts with environmental factors that can trigger the onset of the disease. Obesity, in particular, is recognized as one of the main causes of type 2 diabetes, since excess adipose tissue can reduce sensitivity to insulin, a hormone essential for regulating blood sugar levels. Similarly, a sedentary lifestyle significantly contributes to the increased risk, since physical activity improves the use of glucose by the muscles and promotes the maintenance of a healthy body weight. A diet rich in refined carbohydrates and added sugars can further exacerbate the problem, leading to frequent glycemic spikes and stressing the insulin system. In terms of treatment, the most effective strategy combines lifestyle interventions with, if necessary, pharmacological therapies. Reducing excess weight is recommended as a priority, since even modest weight loss can significantly improve insulin sensitivity and glycemic control. The nutritional approach should focus on controlling carbohydrate intake, favoring those with a low glycemic index to prevent rapid increases in blood glucose levels. The integration of a regular exercise regimen is also crucial; activities such as walking, swimming, or resistance training not only help with weight management, but also improve insulin function. If these measures are not sufficient, pharmacological therapies are used. Hypoglycemic drugs and, in some cases, insulin, may be prescribed to help maintain blood glucose levels within safe ranges. In addition, other related metabolic disorders, such as hypertension and dyslipidemia, often need to be addressed with additional pharmacological treatments to prevent long-term complications.

Diet for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

An effective diet for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a fundamental pillar in the management of this chronic condition. The key lies in a low-calorie approach that, combined with regular physical activity, can help you achieve and maintain a healthy body weight. Reducing calorie intake helps improve insulin sensitivity, thus playing a crucial role in glycemic control. Another essential element is the reduction of carbohydrates. Opting for complex carbohydrates, such as those found in whole grains, legumes and vegetables, allows for a more gradual release of glucose into the blood, avoiding sudden glycemic spikes. A fundamental aspect of this diet is also the elimination of refined sugars. Sweets, sugary drinks and processed foods should be avoided as they cause rapid fluctuations in blood sugar, making it more difficult to control diabetes. Instead, it is advisable to increase fiber intake. Fiber, abundant in fruit, vegetables and legumes, helps regulate the absorption of sugars and improve intestinal function, as well as promoting a sense of satiety. Additionally, incorporating antioxidant-rich foods into your diet can provide additional benefits. Antioxidants, which are abundant in berries, green leafy vegetables, and nuts, fight oxidative stress, a process that can damage cells and worsen insulin resistance. Maintaining a nutritional balance therefore means carefully balancing all macronutrients — carbohydrates, proteins, and fats — and ensuring an adequate intake of vitamins and minerals, through a varied and complete diet. Finally, remember that any dietary changes should be evaluated and personalized with the help of a nutrition professional, also to ensure that a balance is maintained that is appropriate for individual needs.

Useful supplements

Supplements are not essential for the management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, but they can offer complementary benefits, especially when it comes to improving oxidative stress and increasing feelings of satiety in a low-calorie diet. Oxidative stress is a condition in which there is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body's ability to counteract them through antioxidants. This imbalance can contribute to the progression of Type 2 Diabetes by damaging cells and worsening insulin resistance. Antioxidants, such as vitamin C, vitamin E and selenium, are therefore useful in counteracting oxidative stress and protecting cells from damage. Taking these nutrients through supplements may help improve the overall health of people with diabetes. Fiber, another key element, is known for its role in promoting satiety, thus contributing to more effective weight management. Fiber supplements such as glucomannan or inulin can expand in the stomach, slowing down the digestive process and increasing the feeling of fullness. This can be particularly beneficial in a low-calorie diet, where appetite control is crucial. Targeted supplements can therefore support a more comprehensive and personalized dietary approach to managing Type 2 Diabetes, although it is always essential to discuss their use with a healthcare professional. Combating oxidative stress and improving satiety are just two of the many aspects of effective diabetes management, but even small improvements can make a big difference in a patient's daily well-being. However, it should never be forgotten that the effectiveness of supplements varies from person to person and that they cannot replace a balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle.

Diet Example

Here is an example of a low-calorie diet for those with type 2 diabetes mellitus, designed to ensure adequate nutritional balance, supporting glycemic control. Breakfast: start the day with a portion of whole oat flakes, accompanied by skimmed milk or a vegetable drink without added sugar. To enrich the flavor and nutrients, add a handful of berries and a spoonful of chia seeds. Lunch: choose a large salad with green leafy vegetables, tomatoes, cucumbers and carrots, dressed with a drizzle of extra virgin olive oil and lemon. Add a lean protein source such as grilled chicken breast or tofu, as well as a small portion of legumes, which provide fiber and complex carbohydrates. Dinner: opt for a single dish based on blue fish, such as baked salmon, accompanied by a portion of quinoa or brown rice and steamed seasonal vegetables, which provide satiety without weighing you down. Snacks: During the day, allow yourself small snacks between meals to keep your blood sugar stable. A handful of nuts, a piece of unsweetened Greek yogurt, or an apple are ideal options. Drink plenty of water and limit sugary drinks, preferring unsweetened herbal teas. This balanced low-calorie diet allows for a moderate use of carbohydrates, which is essential even when diabetes is compensated by medications. Avoiding excess fat and protein is crucial to prevent complications and promote long-term health. Always consult a doctor or nutritionist for a personalized meal plan.